BUSCOM wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUSCOM wk2 - Essay Example In particular, in an exceptionally different society in the current time of fast globalization and propelling innovation, successful correspondence turns into the major empowering component of advancing culturally diverse comprehension and settling clashes agreeably. Henceforth, inside the more extensive extent of human collaboration, the different methods of verbal and non-verbal correspondence encourage advancement of commonly gainful bonds. The expressive or non-verbal correspondence particularly, turns out to be profoundly appropriate as it can make misjudging or resolve contrasts between two individuals to fashion dependable affiliation. The non-verbal arrangements of correspondence are significant components that send basic message to speaker just as to the audience. Sender and collector both are keys to definite correspondence. These messages are sent through non-verbal communication versus signals, conduct, manner of speaking that is utilized in discussion, physical appearanc e and clothing standard and so forth. They are significant components to scatter fundamental data like truthfulness, cognizance, certainty and uprightness of the people (Guirdham, 2002). Outward appearances emphatically send messages of individual feelings. They reflect positive or negative assumptions of the sender or recipient when messages are sent or recognized. Various implications are joined to bunch outward appearances. A grin shows upbeat mien while frown shows dislike. These can likewise convey diverse message to various societies. Negative articulations will in general ruin relations and make hostility. Smile is another outward appearance with vague message that may pass on glad state, intrigue or even reflect haughtiness. Be that as it may, generally, grin communicates positive inclination because of discovering something amusing in the imparted message. It is thusly interpreted as positive correspondence. I do whatever it takes not to frown in any event, when something d oesn't satisfy me as it would antagonistically affect social or expert relationship. In fact, outward appearances are basic factors that convey regularly convey various messages in various societies. In Arabic culture, a lot of grinning reflects shallowness. Non-verbal communication is crucial methods for communicating states of mind and mentality of people. Slumped act or squirming regularly demonstrates inconvenience while upstanding position shows certainty. Eye to eye connection uncovers that individual would be straightforward in his correspondence and demonstrates certainty on his insight into the subject which he/she accepts can be plainly imparted. Then again, if an individual is either looking down or centering somewhere else, he is either ailing in certainty or he has not been straightforward. All things considered, his verbal correspondence would be less viable and would not advance trust. Listening eagerly is additionally critical part of no-verbal correspondence that cr eates shared trust and certainty. In proficient field, it fills in as significant instrument for consoling partners and colleagues or subordinates that their view focuses are being tuned in to. In an office, listening eagerly to the issues of others assists with sifting through it early and encourages in making a situation of shared learning and common regard. Another extremely huge configuration of decisive correspondence is the tone of the voice while trading messages or data. The tone of the individual is useful asset that can send solid positive or negative feelings. At the point when one is

Korean war Analysis Essay Example For Students

Korean war Analysis Essay Korean war : On July 1, some portion of the U.S. Armed force 24th Infantry Divisionflew from Japan to Pusan, a city situated at the southern tip of Korea. They werethe first American soldiers to arrive at Korea and different soldiers from other UN nationsbegan showing up in Korea soon after the Americans.- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-Category:historyPaper Title:Korean warText:On July 1, some portion of the U.S. Armed force 24th Infantry Division flew from Japan toPusan, a city situated at the southern tip of Korea. They were the first Americantroops to arrive at Korea and different soldiers from other UN countries started showing up inKorea not long after the Americans. On July 8, with the endorsement of the UN Security Council, Truman named GeneralMacArthur president of the United Nations Command. The order hadauthority over all the Allies-South Koreans, Americans and the soldiers fromother UN nations. MacArthur coordinated united activities from his headquartersin Tokyo, Japan. By August second, the Communists had just caught the urban communities Seoul andTaejon and pushed the Allies back to the Pusan Perimeter. The Pusan Perimeterwas a fight line in the southeast corner of South Korea. The triumph had almostgone to North Korea however through the assistance of fortifications, the partners were ableto ward off the North Koreans in the development. The North Koreans lost about58,000 fighters and much gear here alone. The conclusive point that changed the course of the war was the Inchon arrival. On Sept. 15, 1950, marines and warriors of the U.S. X Corps cruised from Japan toInchon, on the northwest bank of South Korea. General MacArthur personallydirected the unexpected assault. It required extraordinary cautious arranging on the grounds that thetides at Inchon fluctuate in excess of 30 feet. Each pontoon needed to land at high tidebecause any vessel close to the shore when the tide dropped would be caught in themud. The soldiers who arrived at Inchon remove the North Koreans in the PusanPerimeter zone from those north of Inchon. They battled wildly and oversaw todrive the North Koreans out. The soldiers at that point pushed toward Seoul and took backSeoul on September 26. MacArthur requested acquiescence by the North Koreans butthey adamantly dismissed it. Late in September, the Allies arranged to attack North Korea. South Koreantroops crossed into North Korea on October first and caught numerous seaside urban areas. At the point when the North Koreans were driven right back to the fringes of China,China cautioned against further advances toward its outskirt. Be that as it may, General MacArthur,hoping to end the war before winter set in, requested the Allies to proceed. MacArthur and political pioneers in Washington disparaged the size of theChinese armed forces. MacArthur accepted the Allied powers dwarfed the Chinese andthat the Chinese would be utilized for safeguard as it were. He likewise imagined that Allied airpower could keep extra Chinese soldiers from entering North Korea. Alliedplanes wandered the length of Korea, and Allied warships cruised unchallenged alongthe coastlines, barraging foe ports. Everybody had certainty that the warwould be over by Christmas. However, seeks after a brisk end to the war before long vanished. China sent a hugeforce against the Allies on November 26 and 27 and constrained them to withdraw. Partners started to withdraw beginning on December 4 and by Christmas Eve, 105,000U.S. also, Korean soldiers, 91,000 displaced people, and 17,500 vehicles had been evacuatedby ocean from North Korea. By March 14, the war had changed. The different sides delved in along a fight linenorth of the 38th equal and a large portion of the fights were amassed in theseareas. Détente talks started in July, however battling proceeded for two additional years. .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 , .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 .postImageUrl , .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 , .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97:hover , .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97:visited , .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97:active { border:0!important; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97:active , .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315c ab3b24b97 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud4536dd3bc96d106f17315cab3b24b97:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Rawls View Of Ignorance EssayNeither side made significant advances, however they took on many harsh conflicts forstrategic positions. One of the most questionable occasions of the war occurred on April 11, 1951,when President Truman expelled General MacArthur from order and supplanted himwith Ridgway. The Presidents activity came about because of a proceeding disputebetween MacArthur and guard pioneers in Washington regarding how the Allies shouldconduct the war. MacArthur needed complete triumph by shelling bases in Manchuria,China and utilize hard and fast measures. Truman dreading such activities may lead toa third World war, excused MacArthur as UN administrator. Numerous individuals were becoming tired by this war and harmony talks expanded. Trucetalks started on July 10 at Kaesong and were moved to Panmunjom on October 25. Asettlement appeared to be close on November 27, when the two sides concurred that the existingbattle line would be the last isolating line among North and South Korea if atruce were reached inside 30 days. Be that as it may, lamentably, a détente was not reachedwithin as far as possible essentially because of the issue of willful repatriation ofprisoners. The UN Command had demanded that detainees of the two sides be allowedto pick whether they would come back to their countries. Numerous Chineseprisoners of the Allies brutally challenged a constrained come back to lifeunder Communism. The North Korean hostages additionally wouldn't get back. TheCommunists couldn't consent to the UN request without conceding that Communism hadthus far neglected to make sure about the dedication of every one of its residents. By late April 1952, the ceasefire talks were immovably stopped over voluntaryrepatriation and facing proceeded with the conflict line. On October 8, the UNCommand deferred the ceasefire talk expressing the discussions would continue when theCommunists were prepared to offer an accommodating recommending for settling the issue ofvoluntary repatriation. After Stalins demise, Soviet pioneers started discussing the need to settledisputes calmly. On March 28, the Communists acknowledged a previous offer bythe UN Command for a trade of debilitated and injured detainees. The Communistsalso demonstrated that the détente talks ought to be continued. The trade took placein April and May. The UN Command got 684 wiped out and injured prisoners,including 149 Americans. It returned 6,670 Communist detainees. The ceasefire talks were continued on April 26, and the Communists acceptedvoluntary repatriation. They consented to let detainees demonstrate their decision tothe Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, which comprised ofrepresentatives of Czechoslovakia, India, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. A truce understanding was marked on July 27, 1953, and the battling finished. Abuffer zone, called the Demilitarized Zone, isolated the different sides. It was 2.5miles wide along the last fight line. South Korea increased around 1,500 squaremiles of domain. The two sides made a deal to avoid expanding their military quality. AMilitary Armistice Commission, with delegates from the two sides, was set upto authorize the truce terms. The peace negotiation likewise accommodated a politicalconference to work out a last settlement. After the peace negotiation was marked, each side accused the other of torment andstarvation of detainees, and other atrocities. The North Koreans and ChineseCommunists were additionally blamed for indoctrinating detainees. The UN General Assemblyadopted a general goals denouncing such acts. The United States spent about $67 billion on the war. Practically all parts ofKorea were vigorously harmed. Around 1 million regular folks were murdered in SouthKorea, and property harm was evaluated at more than $1 billion. Measurements forcivilian passings and harm in North Korea are obscure on the grounds that they were notgiven. The UN Command and the Communists finished a trade of 88,539 prisonersin September 1953. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission took custodyof detainees who would not come back to their countries. The peace negotiation providedthat delegates from the different nations could visit these

Guest Authors Of HellBound Bloggers May 2011

Guest Authors Of HellBound Bloggers â€" May 2011 Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Guest Authors Of HellBound Bloggers â€" May 2011Updated On 23/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : Editorial FeaturedShort URL : http://hbb.me/2oz4DpE CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogMay 2011 was yet another marvellous month for HBB, with new faces in the community indicating the improvement. We are pleased to announce the Guest Authors of HellBound Bloggers (HBB) who have been contributing for the month May 2011, here is the list. Before that, you can make use of these posts to know what is Guest Blogging and how it benefits both the parties.#1 Guest Blogging: So Why Should You Care?#2 You Blog. Should You Guest Blog?This month we had good number of Guest Authors, and Im damn sure you would have enjoyed all their lovely articles. Some authors even contributed 2-3 articles, which I really appreciate.Some of them are new to HBB Community, hope they enjoyed their sta y! This article is also to ensure all the HBB readers are aware about our precious guest authors. ??#1 Sarvesh : Sarvesh is a part time blogger and he loves to write on topics like webhosting and tech niches.Article : True Requirements Of Bandwidth And Storage Space#2 Jasmine : Jasmine is an experienced web developer and web consultant. She is also the chief editor at Best Web Host â€" a web hosting review and resources website.Article : 5 Reasons Why E-books Are Better Than Printed Books#3 Kirsty LaVier : Kirsty LaVier is editor for Shopping Cart Reviews, the leading shopping cart information website.Article : Outsourcing Your Social Media Efforts â€" 3 Reasons Why It’s A Bad Idea#4 Paul : Paul is a blogger and Internet Marketer, who works and writes posts relevant to Broadband services, tips and tricks.Article : What You Must Know Before Choosing Mobile High Speed Internet Connection#5 Wendy Bailey :Wendy Bailey is a blogger and Internet Marketer who works for various servi ces, and writes posts related to blogging and writing tips.Article : HOW TO: Channel Your Emotions Into Your Writing#6 Crystal J. Briscoe : He is Professional Writer and also technical guru, overloaded with a wealth of experience, and even more degrees, at present learning Microsoft Certifications.Article : 5 Useful Money Making Tips You Should Know#7 Gagan : Gagan is an Indian blogger / Web Designer, Developer and founder of CreativeBloggingIdeas.Article : 5 WordPress Plugins That Are Worth Removing#8 Aditya Ujjual : Aditya Ujjual is a blogger and he is the guy behind ItyaAdi.org.Articles : Create Welcome Tab For Facebook Fan Page Within 2 Minutes and How Infosys Is Contributing To India’s Growth Story?#9 Praveen Sivaraman : Praveen Sivaraman is the Editor-in-Chief and CEO of Techperk. An Engineering Graduate with a passion for technology, a knack for writing and most importantly addicted to BloggingArticle : 6 Simple Ways To Reduce Your PDF File Size and 8 Top Apps From Nok ia Ovi Store You Should Try#10 Loretta F. Austin : Loretta F. Austin writes also for slow-computer-solutions.org: the site that offering articles about how to speed up slow computer and repair slow computer.READTop 3 Blogging Trends That Will Dominate 2017Article : Securing WiFi Connection â€" Basic Things#11 Jess Spate : Jess Spate is an SEO professional, a mathematician, and an online entrepreneur.Article : Search Rankings Go Down As Well As Up [ANALYSIS]#12 Steven Smith : Steven Smith, is an Editor of smallbusinessfriends.com, a business blog that shares tips and information about various business related topics.Article : Top 5 Web-Based Apps That Web Developers Must Give a Try to Boost Their Business#13 Amandeep Singh : Aman is a Mechanical Engineer by education, Software Engineer by profession and a tech blogger by interest and passion.Article : Top 5 Free iPhone Games To Kill Your Boredom#14 svizion : He is the guy behind a small firm based in sunny Myrtle Beach. SC. Shaw n Crigger writes articles on Web Development and Linux.Article : 6 Google Search Tricks To Find What You Are Looking For#15 Cristian Stanciu : He is a blogging enthusiast living in Romania. Blogging is the hobby that pays for his mortgage and that keeps him connected with people all over the world.Articles : How Many Visitors Do I Need To Make Money?, The “Blog About Something You Love” Statement and 4 Steps To Prepare Your Blog Before Guest Posting#16 Sulakshan : Sulakshan is running a price comparison engine for books and mobile phones â€" MySmartPrice.com.Article : 9 Things You Should Do After Buying A Smartphone#17 Joe Linford : Joe Linford writes on behalf of consumer advice websites Broadband Genie and Office Genie.Article : 5 Important Factors To Consider When Selecting A Mobile Broadband Deal#18 Charles Mburugu : Charles Mburugu is a professional content developer and an entrepreneur. He often writes about real estate, finance, business start-ups and internet marketi ng.Article : 5 Tips For Converting Your Blog Into A Social Media Nucleus#19 Jane Sheeba : Jane is the founder and author of Find All Answers which is a multi-niche blog on Blogging Tips, Relationships and Self Improvement.Article : Optimizing Your Blog To Get Organic Traffic#20 Warner Carter : Warner is a guy who likes the net and tech stuff, especially SEO. He works at an SEO Reseller company Endless Rise.Article : The Uniqueness Of EzineArticles â€" Special Review#21 Nimit : Nimit is a project manager at PageOne. He is a great fan of photography, social media and wordpress.Article : Social Media And Its Impact On Branding#22 Sandeep Singh : Sandeep is a hard working Proffesional Engineering student and he thrives to get the best out of himself.Article : 5 Essential Ways To Build Links For Your BlogIf you wish to be a part of HBB, you can become a guest author by contributing Guest Posts. Do check Join HBB and Guest Blogging Rules. Cheers.

The Great Schism - 967 Words

After the 4th century when Constantinople emerged as a great capital and church center, tensions sometimes arose between its leaders and the bishop of Rome. After the fall of Rome to Germanic invaders in 476, the Roman pope was the only guardian of Christian universalism in the West. He began more explicitly to attribute his dominance to Romes being the burial place of Saint Peter, whom Jesus had called the rock on which the church was to be built. The Eastern Christians respected that tradition and recognized the Roman patriarch to a measure of honorable authority. But they never believed that this authority allowed the papacy to overrule another church or that it made the pope into a universally reliable figure within the larger†¦show more content†¦They ended in failure. The papal claims to ultimate supremacy could not be reconciled with the conciliar principle of Orthodoxy, and the religious differences were aggravated by other cultural and political misunderstandings. After the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Islamic government recognized the ecumenical patriarch of that city as both the religious and the political spokesman for the entire Christian population of the empire. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century, the patriarchate of Constantinople, although still retaining its honorary primacy in the Orthodox Church, lost its political power over the other Orthodox churches. With the liberation of the Orthodox peoples from Ottoman rule, a succession of autocephalous churches was then set up in Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia. The Orthodox Church in Russia, seeing the advancing tide of Islamic power in the East, declared its independence from Constantinople in 1448, five years before the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. In 1589 the patriarchate of Moscow was established and formally recognized by Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople. For the Russian people and their tsars, Moscow had become the so-called third Rome, direct heir to the imperial and ecclesiastical supremacy of ancient Rome and Constantinople. The patriarchs of MoscowShow MoreRelatedThe Great Schism Of The Church1454 Words   |  6 PagesInternational logoGrace Communion International Login Search Home God Media Publications Our Story Our Churches Church Development Education Participate Online Giving The Great Schism of the Church 2005, 2015 July 6, 1054 was rapidly approaching, and the Christian world was about to experience a major event on the road to a schism that continues to our day — the divide between the Western and Eastern Christian churches. The central actors in the looming conflict were Michael Cerularius, the patriarchRead MoreEssay on The Great Schism694 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Schism During the late 14th century and the early 15th century there was a great division in the Catholic Church. The Papacy was becoming blurred. The center of the Roman Catholic Church had been moved from Rome to the city of Avignon during the reign of Pope Clement V; and there was now a movement to return the center of power back to Rome. This movement was first truly seen under Pope Gregory XI and his successor Pope Urban VI. Earlier Pope Urban V had moved the center to RomeRead MoreFactors that Cause The Great Schism Essay examples1175 Words   |  5 PagesFactors that Cause The Great Schism Part A Introduction The first major division in Christianity took place in 1054 CE between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. This event is known as the Great Schism. The two areas of disagreement that caused the division were: * Who should be leader of the Christian Church? * The way in which the Trinity was to be understood. Christians in the West believed that the Pope should be the leader of theRead MoreWhat Caused The Great Schism Of 1054960 Words   |  4 PagesTo understand what caused The Great Schism of 1054, it is important to first have a background knowledge of who was involved. The divide occurred among the land, with a west side and an east side. The western side was inhabited by Romans and spanned from current Portugal over to Hungary, also including the more northern countries from Ireland to Sweden. These borders were frequently changed throughout history, although their principal area was always that of the German states. This area was referredRead MoreThe Great Schism, also Known as the East-West Division1017 Words   |  5 Pagesled to the Great Schism. The differences between these two branches of church were significant because they are the result of this Great Schism. The Great Schism is also known as the East-West division. It is obvious that this division was on the basis of the geography. The geography problem was not the only reasons, but also theâ€Å"†¦cultural, political, and economic factors; yet its fundamental cause was not secular but theological.†(Kallistos43-44). As the results of the Great Schism, the easternRead MoreThe Great Schism of 1054 that occurred in the Catholic Church has left a once united people600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Schism of 1054 that occurred in the Catholic Church has left a once united people separated because of conflict. These issues that tore them apart are still true today and the relations between Catholics and Orthodox Christians has yet to be repaired. The Eastern Schism was a result of many problems but it was largely a struggle between two main churches; the Western Church located in Rome, and the Eastern Church that was centered in Constantinople. 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Nonetheless, the term cannot be conclusively examined without studying the subsequent problemRead MoreRoman Catholic Church vs Eastern Orthodox Church Essay924 Words   |  4 Pageslegate of Pope Leolx, strode into the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, right up to the main alter, and placed on it a parchment that declared the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, to be excommunicated† (Dennis, The East-West schism., MasterFILE Premier, 1990, para. 1). This act is known as the beginning of the split between the two churches. Even though this act was thought to be the breaking stick, the split of the two churches had been in the works for quite a while. AboutRead MoreThe Schism Between The East And West1414 Words   |  6 Pages1054, the Great Schism occurred between the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox Christians, when the Pope first excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople. Not long after that, the Patriarch excommunicated the Pope, causing the split. There were many issues prior that created the Great Schism between the east and west both before and after 1054. It would appear from the documentation that the east had more issues with how the west conducted the church. The issues that cause d the Schism between theRead MoreCatholic Church During The Protestant Reformation1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe three areas of concern that Catholics had about the Catholic Church before the Protestant Reformation were The Plague, Abuse of the Indulgences and The Great Schism. The Plague also known as the Black Death was a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulated among wild rodents. The disease took place in the fourteenth century. Symptoms include aching of limbs, high fever, vomiting of blood, and swelling of the lymph nodes. After the lymph nodes swelled they would then burst

Society s Perception Of Beauty - 1193 Words

Beauty is a socially constructed perception regarding what is seen as attractive or not. Our perception of beauty, as stated previously, is a social construct, meaning that it is made through society and the people who are part of it. In our society today, our perception of beauty is shaped primarily through the media, since the media portrays specific standards of beauty that people feel they must follow. Although the media is perceived to portray beauty across different races and ages, society’s perception of beauty is skewed towards a specific and established standard due to its misrepresentations. This causes those specific groups to feel obligated to follow this standard of beauty rather than following a more diverse path. Therefore, our social construct of beauty is shaped through media’s biased portrayals of different races and ages, since it is apparent that the media does not provide a realistic view of those groups in society. Society today holds beauty as a p ivotal role in our lives. Many people believe that, through a high perception of one’s own beauty, one’s self-esteem is increased. Society holds this ideal that, by perceiving yourself as beautiful or attractive, your self-esteem will increase due to your own high perception of yourself. However, as society progressed, people have stopped believing in this ideology and, rather than of holding a high perception of yourself, now follow different methods and practices to attain beauty. It is prevalentShow MoreRelatedSociety s Perception Of Beauty1148 Words   |  5 PagesBeauty is a perception we hold in society as what is attractive or not. Our perception of beauty is a social construct, meaning that it is made through society through its depictions of beauty. In our society today, our perception of beauty is shaped through the media, since the media portrays specific standards of beauty that people feel they must follow. Although media portrays beauty across different races and ages, society’s perception of beauty is skewed towards a specific and established standardRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 Pagesnegatively. This paper will analyze how the combination of media reporting, socioeconomics and sociocultural factors contribute to the development of eating disorders as well as how society s perception of beauty has been distorted. This paper will further support the notion that societies perception of a female’s beauty is determined by their perceived body image, which in turn has a direct effect on teenage girls and plays a primary role in the development of eating disorders such as anorexia. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Other Hand 1418 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 101 27 October 2015 Beauty Educates The meaning of beauty and how it applies to the viewer varies among people. Leo Tolstoy reveals that the beauty we perceive through art can change or support a pre-conceived idea. On the other hand, Elaine Scarry’s view resides in the fact that our view of beauty promotes the spirit of justice. Art is not so much the focus, rather beauty is the driving force of these two essays. There is an educational aspect to beauty that implies improvementRead MoreSocietal Standards Of Female Beauty1282 Words   |  6 Pagesfashion, beauty, and information. â€Å"Magazines and advertisements are used to help women better themselves by giving information and products to make them look and feel better† (Serdar 1). Without magazines and advertisements there wouldn t be an exact focus on beauty standards.. People would have the freedom to choose what they like and what they consider beautiful instead of following the crowd. â€Å"Sociocultural standards of female beauty are in every aspect of popular media. Mass media s use of unrealisticRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Character Analysis830 Words   |  4 Pagesdo with the perception of characters in literature. The way a character looks can have a great effect on both the way other characters interact with them and the way the characters themselves interact with both their own thoughts and the world a round them. In the works chosen, the appearances of the characters to be analyzed fall on opposite ends of the spectrum of aestheticism. Dorian Gray, from Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray possesses an â€Å"...extraordinary personal beauty (Wilde 1),† oneRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye1232 Words   |  5 PagesIn modern society, women continue to be victimized by an illusory culture that offers the affectation of equality and hope but a reality of gender inequality. The little acts of chivalry conducted by men are just prolonged sugary illusions meant to hide the unpleasant truth of women and their strained relationship with the media s’ perception of beauty. Many women who are subjected to society s’ views of beauty often aim to convert to theses said beauty standards. This desire can, at many timesRead MoreThe Black Versus White Body1295 Words   |  6 PagesMarlee Taylor Taylor1 04/07/15 ANT3302 SEC9618 Khadidja Arfi Paper Two According to the European Journal of Psychology, â€Å"body image can be described as a combination of a person’s perceptions, feelings and thoughts about his/her body and their general physical appearance† (Bakhshi, 2). In America, body image and race are two very petulant topics to steer clear of when conversing with others. 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If looks don’t matter then why do women and girls live in a society where their bodies define who they are? If looks don t matter then why is airbrushing used by the media to hide any flaws a person has? What exactly is causing this, why do we feel like we are just not beautiful the way we are? Its the mediaRead MoreIs Beauty Treated As If It Is Universal?865 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, is a phrase commonly used in today s society to make a politically correct assessment of our judgement of beauty. The popularity of this quote has helped convinced the general public that it is an universally truthful statement. This statement suggests that, the perception of beauty is based on an individuals subjective judgement rather than an any empirical justifications. If the majority of the worlds population believes this statement to be true, then why

IESE Application Essay for Ph. D in Management - 809 Words

After graduation, I accepted the position of Graduate-In-Training in Coca-Cola Nepal out of curiosity. Little did I know then that this job would help me understand what I really want for myself. Working at Coca-Cola provided me with ample opportunities to understand the management and functioning of multinational companies. However, I always found myself looking for challenges in the field of management that were more intellectual than managerial. As I realized I might be a good candidate for a career in academia, I accepted the position of visiting lecturer of Statistics at Thames International College, Kathmandu. Working with students, igniting intellectual curiosity and helping them grow academically was an amazing experience and I†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, I not only took delight in my frequent interactions and discussions with my professors about the research, but also thoroughly enjoyed working on the materials without daily supervision. This experience has be en very crucial in developing my passion for academic research and I want to further pursue this interest by obtaining a Ph.D. degree in Management. During the doctoral program, I desire to explore the fields of exchange rate risk, and financial and banking crisis management. An undergraduate research project on the Russian Currency Crisis of 1998 has helped me develop a keen interest in these sub-fields of Economics. I began the project in the seminar section on Central Banking by Prof. Roisin O’Sullivan. The paper examined the role of the Central Bank of Russia in devaluation of the Ruble and the Russian default of 1998 along with its involvement in the crisis management process. This research required me to learn theories ranging from Paul Krugman’s â€Å"Balance of Payment Crises† to recent models of monetary policies independently in a very short span of time and as well as apply them in context of Russia – an economy in political transition. It would be, therefore, very interesting to study, on a larger scale, the role of central banks and governments in crisis management process to help boost bu siness

Room divisions Operations Management free essay sample

This case study explores the importance of Room Division service in hospitality industry. The task 1 discusses the different services provided by the rooms division in different circumstances. The impact of different operational issues in managing the front of house area is evaluated in the second task. The third task discusses the different features that add the effectiveness of accommodation service function. Lastly the importance of using statistical and forecasting techniques to maximize and measure the number of room occupancy and revenue generation is described. Introduction The study of hospitality industry is known as hospitality management. The term hospitality generally refers to the generosity and affable behavior towards to guests and visitors. There is a business across the globe which welcomes visitors with food and accommodation and this business is known as hospitality business. It is a service industry and the most essential part of this industry is ensuring high customer satisfaction and providing best facilitations for them. Room division management is an important division of hospitality management where it is guaranteed good housekeeping along with managing front office and other operational services. To perform these duties it requires responsible managers and staffs with relevant knowledge and skills. Effective management of room division is an underlying activity of a successful hospitality business. Task A Research report into rooms division operation A. 1 Analysis of the key aspects of legislation and regulations to rooms division There are many rules are regulations set by the government for the business practice in their countries. The European legislation has laid laws pertaining to guests, right to employees, environment food and beverages etc. As per some these guidelines are same for the room division services as well (Yu, 2012). The main laws in practice are as follows. Environmental law – It is essential for the room division services to follow the environmental law which suggests protecting environment by using less contaminant substances which is harmful to the environment. As for example the when the rooms are being cleaned it is necessary to check the amount of detergent used and the waste water should be treated so that it does not pollute the environment Food safety–Providing variety food and healthy food to the customers is very important. The food and beverages should meet the standard set by the government so that the customers are fully satisfied and stays healthy. The hospitality service sector needs to monitor the food quality served to the customers. Employee rights and protection – The minimum remuneration and working hours of a particular job should be mentioned in the agreement papers and should be same for all the employees in the post irrespective of class, gender, ethnicity and race. Employees should be protected when they complain against the employer regarding misconduct and others. Data protection – In most of the countries the Intellectual Property Law is established against the theft of data and information. This is very important because in company secrets regarding the personal details of the customers are recorded and it is the duties of the room division staffs to abide by the guidelines and protect this information. Price and tariff regulation – according to the laws set by the government there are defined price of services for different types of hotels and tourism industries. The room division staffs need to maintain their quality level and charge the customers accordingly. They cannot charge more for not providing a particular benefit. For avoiding future discrepancies it is the duty of these staffs to display their price chart accurately. Any specified privileges to the corporate customers and others need to follow rules and regulations for proper functioning of the system. There are other rules and regulations regarding record keeping for immigrants and laundry services affect the room division service of the hospitality organizations. These guidelines support better functioning of the service. A. 2 Roles and Responsibilities of Accommodation and Reception Staff The accommodation and the reception staffs of a hospitality industry perform multiple roles and responsibilities (Mok, et al. , 2013). They are the backbone of any hospitality industries like hotel, restaurants, tourism, hospital and many more. Roles and responsibilities of accommodations services staffs are various some of the important function are mentioned below. 1. They ensure accommodation area is well maintained, clean and presentable. 2. They control budget for stocks and maintaining the inventory for food and other supplies to the customers 3. They manage in maintaining repairs and the room decors and furnishings. 4. They inspect and ensure the accommodation is in compliance with proper hygiene and safety regulations. 5. It is the responsibility of the accommodation managers to recruit and train room attendant staffs and to coordinate with other departments for better standard of performance. 6. They take care and arrange the laundry services and the room’s linens so that neat and clean environment is maintained. 7. The precise duty and responsibilities vary for different positions and size of the organization. The front office staffs are the face of the company. They must have an excellent communication skill and a pleasant personality when they greet the customers. The reception service staffs play an important role in various service organizations (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2008). Some of the vital responsibilities are as follows 1. They help in processing the visitors’ booking reservation requests in hotel industry and keeping a record of the guests in other companies. 2. They allocating the rooms and staying facilities for the guests and managing their cycle from checking in to checking out. 3. Managing the guests complaint and directing them a suitable solutions is done by the front office staffs 4. The front desk cashiers supporting the visitors with billing details and performing others sales and promotional activities. 5. The cashiers at the front desk take care of point of sales and checks whether the complete transaction is done correctly. 6. By keeping a check in the incoming visitors and guests the front office staffs also maintain a record book for the purpose of security. 7. They effectively communicate the concerned people during emergency and for informing the housekeeping special requests and checks out details. The main purpose of the accommodation and reception staffs is to maximize customers’ satisfaction level. They need to perform variety of roles and responsibilities for an effective functioning of the services. A. 3 Evaluating services offered by the rooms division for different hospitality business A. 3. 1 Services offered by Accommodation front office department The room division for any hospitality business performs various functions and the two main sectors of room division are the accommodation and front office department (OFallon Rutherford, 2010). Their functions are as follows Accommodation service department – The main function of this department is to maintain and repair and the accommodation area or property. This is the overall management of the office space, hotels, restaurants, campuses etc. It is necessary service for all the businesses with a building facility but for the hospitality industry it is of utmost importance. Accommodation services include housekeeping, interior decoration, laundry and linen, safety and security provision, maintenance and many more. Front office service department – They are the face of the service provider and visitors and customers come to them for any information (Bardi, 2011). It is important for the front desk staffs to do different activities like making reservation, allocating rooms, facilitating billing process, and providing relevant information. They need to have excellent communication skills, coordinating behavior and good body language so that the customers feel comfortable. For a better customer satisfaction and overall functioning of the business it is important for both the departments to work coordinative way and towards achieving organizations’ goal. A. 3. 2 Evaluation of various services offered by Rooms Division Rooms Division services play an essential role in the hospitality industry. There are many services offered by the room division managers (Clarke Chen, 2012). The main function is planning and evaluating operations for the entire business. The hospitality business have diverse environment like hotels, restaurants that provide room service and educational campuses. Therefore the Room Division department is required in these organizations for better services to their customers. The services offered by the room division to the hotel industries are maintaining the accommodation area and allocating rooms to visitors (OFallon Rutherford, 2010). They control the inventory for supplies to the customers. They coordinate working with other department sin the organization for catering and other services. They plan, recruit and train the staff members for better performance. The restaurants that have room facilities provide food and resting amenities to their customers. The reception and front desk office manages the billing related activities and provide information regarding tariff and other promotional offers. Services offered by the room division in university campus are almost same in the hotel industries. They are required plan accommodation for students and other delegates visiting the university. They manage and maintain the accommodation facilities by ensuring timely repairs and refurbishment. Thus it can be said that the room division offers variety of services in the hospitality business and the outstanding services providers create a brand value for the organization. A. 4 Importance of front-of-house area and the accommodation service. A. 4. 1 Importance of the front of house area to effective management The building premises of any hospitality business should be well maintained. The front of house area is the place where the visitors and guests first enter and it gives them the first impression of the service provider. The interior decoration, layouts and designs should be attractive. The welcome area should be properly lighted with perfect ventilation so that many guests can be accommodated and served at the same time (Abbott Lewry, 2013). Flower arrangement, colorful pattern on walls and overall ambience should be pleasant and charming. The front of house area must have affront office department where the customers are necessary to make all types of communication throughout their stay (Andrews, 2013). The guest cycle is maintained by the front office staffs and for the customers they make the necessary booking reservations by coordinating with them over phone and mails. They maintain the details and guest records. On arrival of guests necessary details are updated into the organization’s Property Management System (PMS), charges are added in the POS (Point of Sale) when guests avail services like entertainment or sports and are then reorganized in the PMS. This is useful at the time of checking out helps the management in maintaining bookkeeping. The front office staffs maintain various records which are later evaluated by the board members for an effective management of the organization. A. 4. 2 Importance of property interiors and design to effective management For an attractive and warm welcome the layout and the property’s interior design is an important factor and can increase customer fulfillment. A well decorated office can have a positive impact on the customer’s mind and shabby space can have a negative impact on the customer’s thought process (Piotrowski, et al. , 2013). For an office space, rooms should be durable and there should be enough area for the employees to be mobile inside the office. It should be well lit and ventilated so that many people working together do not feel suffocated. The furnishings and fittings should be comfortable and easily accessible for example when an employees is at his desk he should be able to operate the computers, make a call and write a note easily without stretching or feeling uncomfortable. Thus overall interior decoration should emphasis on a good work environment. The hospitality service organizations like hotels focus greatly on the interior decoration of the reception area, lobby and rooms. The reception space must have flower pots and decorative plants that can set a pleasant tone (Enz, 2009). The rooms should have well designed fabrics matching linens and a sweet odor so that the customers or guests relive their senses, feel relaxed and enjoy their stay. Effective interior design requires balancing between the purpose of operations and other beautifying elements to create the ambience for the visitors. Task B Understanding the key aspects of management of rooms division at Hilton hotel and resorts Hilton hotels are an international chain of hotels and resorts services (Anon. , 2013). This was founded in 1919 and over 540 hotels across globe. Mr. Rob Palleschi is the room division head of the company. The key aspects of managing room division at Hilton Hotels are evaluated below. B. 1 The key aspects of planning and management of the front of house area and the accommodation service. B. 1. 1 Discussing key aspects of planning and management of the front of house area. Planning and management of the front of house area is vital for a successful functioning of any hospitality organization because it is the main point of contact with the potential customers. The Hilton group of hotels and resorts has a strong planned, organized and managed front of house area. The key aspects of planning and managing front of house area at the Hilton Group of hotels and resorts are as follows Departmental planning – At the Hilton Group work is assigned to each departments and the employees have distinct roles and responsibilities. There are full service departments for catering, housekeeping, finance, marketing, human resource and many more. The front office at Hilton effectively communicates with every department along with the customers, guests and employees for a smooth running of the hotel Use of latest technologies – The Hiltons group encourages the use of latest technologies for an effortless operation of the customers billing and sales. The front office have introduced POS (point of sales) designed by HSI for its 150 chains of hotels located at different countries (Panettieri, Joseph C. ;, 2010). They have a long term partnership for providing hospitality solutions of hotel technologies. Security measures – The front of house area at Hilton hotels have very developed security measurements. They have closed circuit of television at different locations inside their property which continuously captures images of the visitors, guests, and employees and records them accordingly (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Information of the location is also stored with the help of key cards and other modern technologies. Data protection of the customers – At the front office when a potential customers arrive they are required to enter their personal contact details and other important details regarding their purpose of stay and others. The front office staffs at the Hilton hotels and resorts takes an extra care to protect this consumer’s information and keep it as a secret (Hilton, 2013). For hospitality industry customer information protection is vital as it contains many of personal data which cannot be accessed by others. Evaluation process – The front of office department at Hiltons regularly evaluate the customer’s needs and demands. They collect feedback from the customers regarding their service and the scope of improvements (Hilton, 2013). As for example if a customer complains of the reservation procedure they make necessary changes to the system after taking approval from the higher management members. At the Hilton Group the hospitality service is extremely appreciated and customers experience is high level of satisfaction. The front office area is not only equipped with the modern technologies, staffs have pleasant personality and is well planned and managed. B. 1. 2 Analyzing key aspects of planning and management of the accommodation service. Accommodation service includes mainly the housekeeping, maintenance of the facility, hygiene factors, safety measures, security services and many more. Housekeeping involves managing and cleaning of all public and private areas in a hotel. Engineering and maintenance takes care of equipments and maintenance any break down of the restrooms and other leisure rooms in the hotels. Safety and security services are responsible for safety of the building, customers and employees. Planning and management at the Hilton group went through a strategic change after identifying their market position. They introduced a concept known as business scorecards which aimed at implementing all aspects of the business and change the company’s culture for achieving the organization’s objectives (Enz, 2010). The management operations were reoriented towards the business scorecard. The employees were given proper training related to their work and the overview of the organizations culture. The planning of staffs allocated to different departments play a key role for effective and proper handling of work responsibilities which ensures efficient department planning. The size and structure of the accommodation service determines the number of employees and in Hilton Hotels it is stated that more than 135,000 employees are working (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). The capability of multitasking is very important for managing different responsibilities regarding housekeeping. The business operations at Hilton Hotel adopted a new model after conducting customer surveys. This system focuses on the delivery of value or utility to the customers by adopting action oriented tactics and redesigning their organizational and support construction (Enz, 2010). They applied the theory of value chain which associates long term strategic objectives to short term business plans. As for example the accommodation services focused more on cleaning of bathrooms, quick responsiveness towards the guests complains, maintaining a pleasant room odor, cutting off the external disturbances inside the rooms like noise and maintaining quietness all around the premises. The main purpose of adopting this value chain process for their accommodation service at Hotel Hilton was to enhance Hilton’s stakeholders and customers’ level of satisfaction. They applied continuous improvement procedure to guarantee increased performance level as the customer’s expectation and demand changes. B. 2 Evaluating the main operational issues affecting management and business performance. B. 2. 1 Analyzing the key operational issues affecting business performance of the front office area. Front office is the heart of any hotel business and all types of transactions passes through this department. Managing front office procedure has a lot of barriers that needs to be addressed for a successful business operation (OFallon Rutherford, 2010 ). The main operational issues are as follows Financial– It is very important to manage the financial issues efficiently for an effective running of hospitality service organization. One of the key functions of front office cashier is to settle, prepare and manage guest’s accounts. The front office staffs of Hilton hotels are well trained and are qualified accountants who tackle the financial problems and accounting issues (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Sales and marketing – The changing market conditions and increased competition it is important for the hotels to market and promote their services. Since the front office department is the face of the hotel for potential customers they have the additional responsibility to advertise their services to generate sales. Hiltons have a highly motivated sales people working as a team who create different selling platforms for their customers to enhance the market share (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Human resource –The front office is the hub and is required to effectively communicate with all the departments like housekeeping, food and catering, room service, laundry department and many more. There are issue relates to managing employee details, recruiting assistants and trainings them. Hilton hotel front office staffs are warm; actively cooperate with different departments and quickly handles customer’s grievance effectively (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Quality – Maintaining high quality standard is utmost important for the customers to return and avail the service in future. The front office is required to maintain the quality by adhering to the hotel’s policies and programs. The Hilton hotels front office takes a lot of care to enhance the service quality and regularly collect feedback from their customers regarding the service provided (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Customers – The main source of revenue of any hospitality industry is their customers. The changing consumer behavior and their expectations are the main operational problem faced by the front office department. Hilton hotels front office staffs are trained individual who understand their customers well and responds to their queries efficiently (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). They are also trained to handle customer grievance with patience and calm nature. Thus it can be said that there are many operational issues associated in managing front office department. Hilton group of hotels recruit individuals who are skilled with pleasant personality and highly motivated to overcome these problems and making the hotel a successful brand. B. 2. 2 Analysis of the key operational issues affecting business performance of the accommodation service. Managing accommodation services involves in scheduling of staffs, maintaining and repairing the premises, analysing budget, controlling expenses and working in compliance with the organizations’ rules and regulation. For any hotel operation a well run accommodation service is a vital part for its overall success. During the course of working there are several operational issues that hinder the business performance (Jones, 2008 ). Some of the key problems are as follows Marketing – One of the main functions of the accommodation department is to market the brand with promotional activities and advertisements. Hotel Hilton has a team of highly motivated sales, marketing and communication team which aims to represent the hotels services in both internet and offline media. There are more than 700 sales managers who communicate with the potential customers regarding their assortment of properties and brands (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). This is very difficult as people from one country to another have different needs and wants and meeting these expectations pose a complicated situation. Financial – The overall maintenance of the hotels, employee retention process, technology and other departments’ incur huge expenses on the management and the only source of income are the customers. With increased completion and overall expenses Hotel Hilton is facing problems related to the growing debt trouble (Mark Reutter , 2013). The company needs to pay the staffs in form of salaries; the government in form of service taxes and because of the economic slowdown and recession the operating expenses has increased tremendously. Human resource management – Recruiting the right candidate for the right job is a great challenge for the accommodation service department. The next part is training and motivating the staffs to work abiding the company rules and regulations. At Hilton Hotel the management faces extensive problems in retention the staffs (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Different leadership styles and reward programs have been implemented to keep the employees. Customers – Due to increased competition in hotels sectors the customers look the best service providers and are less of brand loyal. It is difficult to identify the changing tastes and expectations of the customers. Hilton group of hotels have come up with customer loyalty programs like the Hilton HHonors which allows a customer for a free stay at more than 10 brands of Hilton Groups (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). These loyalty programs are expensive for the organisations but it is necessary to have implemented for a competitive advantage. There are different operational issues in the effective functioning of the accommodation services but working as a team and cooperation from different department’s can overcome these hurdles and move ahead. Task C Research into occupancy, room revenue and key aspects of techniques to measure C. 1 Explanation of revenue or yield management. Yield management or revenue management is a process of forecasting, indulging and influencing the customers’ behavior in order to earn optimum profit from operations (Hayes Miller, 2011). There are three important aspect of application of yield management. First, the resource should be recurring or cyclical, secondly it should be perishable in nature and thirdly there should be demand for the service. Demand is managed through promotion and distribution channels and there are mainly two types of distribution channels in use Controlled – These channels directly interface customers to the hotels and their brands. As for example use of advertisement through internet and television media. Intermediary – Where an agent or middleman is involved in promoting the hotels to the customer intermediary channel is in use. To maximize the revenue it is important to have a fixed pricing approach and the tariffs should be on the basis of standard, quality of service, day and night logging etc. rates may vary if the customers come for a longer duration, on the peak seasons or slump seasons so that maximum numbers of rooms are occupied. Price fencing or discounting is applicable when the customer pays the full payment at the time of reservation, in advance booking. Prices are also lowered when he customers’ lead time or waiting time is increased so that the potential customer’s do not walk away. To maximize the revenue the inventory or stock needs to be managed by evaluating the current and estimated bookings made by the customers. To capitalize maximum customers and increase the market share it is important to make promotional activities using internet and encouraging viral advertisement. This means making a buzz in the internet so that any customer who searches for any associated article on the internet comes across the word and brand awareness is created. To some extent the yield management may have ethics related issues. According to many observations it is revealed that in hotel business this practice may not be justified (Kotler, 2008). As for example the hotels may not inform the customers regarding the price changes when there are discounts available or not offering enough benefits as per pricing. The main advantage of revenue or yield management system in hotel industry is to enhance productivity, ensuring optimum utilization of resources and increase profitability in terms of sales and market share. Although it has a number of disadvantages like practicing price differentiation which is sometimes perceived as unethical by customers, luring customers, focusing highly on revenue generation and failing in customer expectations. C. 2 Analyzing sales techniques to maximize revenue. There are different marketing techniques adopted by hotel industry to increase the number of room’s occupancy and maximize the revenue. They are as follows Rates structures – It is important to structure the rates of different services before the customers arrive so that there are no discrepancies during room charges (Dix Baird, 2006). There are various tariff structures in the hotel industry and the selection depends particularly on the market where the hotel wants to operate. Pricing on market-basis – Many customer at hotels want to avail some extra services like restaurants and pool without paying high prices (Reid Bojanic, 2009). In such cases the hotels allows their customers to use these charging lower amounts. This is mainly done to attract new customers. Negotiation of tariffs – The room rates needs to be bargained with the customers before making the final settlement. During peak season when most of the rooms are occupied the room rates increase, for special delegates the rooms should be charged high with greater personal attention. Customers with corporate packages should be charged differently from the individual or family customers. Hotels should utilize overbooking policy that is during full occupancy if a customer’s fails to come on time or does not come at all the cancellation charges may not be refunded Referrals and sale leads – Satisfied customer often spread the word of mouth and also give referrals to the hotels in their feedback forms. It is important for the hotel management to evaluate the feedback and target the referrals who are the potential customers to increase their sales (Ingram, 2013). Performing market research and emphasis on repeat business needs to be given. Up selling – An existing customer can be induced to upgrade the services by the hotel sales managers. As for example a customer can be persuaded to take a room with a better view and bigger space by just paying a little extra (Hayes Miller, 2011). This helps the hotels to earn revenue from their existing customers. Customer loyalty programs – For the satisfied customers it is required to make schemes like loyalty cards, incentives and providing discounts (Ingram, 2013). This makes the customers more attached to the brand and wants to return to the same hotel time and again. Managing the sources of booking – it is essential for the management to properly assess the booking details and their sources. Such as the website of the hotel should be updated regularly and good professional relationship needs to be maintained with the travel agents, airlines and the potential customers (Hayes Miller, 2011). Thus effective implementation of sales techniques helps a hotel to maximize their revenue. C. 3 Evaluating the use of forecasting and statistical data in the room division. One of main purpose of hotels is to achieve greater customer satisfaction and increase in room occupancy which in turn enhances revenue generation. Forecasting availability of rooms is estimating the number of rooms that will be available for future sale. Forecasting is done by analysing on the basis of statistical data available with the hotels by collecting survey forms from the satisfied customers. It is comparison process of the projected presentation to the actual performance. Some of the important usage of forecasting and statistical data in hotels is as follows 1. It helps in creating a target of room booking that needs to be achieved in a day or week or month basis to optimize growth. 2. This projection helps the front office staffs in reservation and booking processes. By forecasting the room occupancy the management can also plan the number of employees required for the task. 3. This helps the accommodation department to plan and store the required supplies for the number of customers so that there is no surplus or wastage. 4. Forecasting helps the management to select the future pricing strategy. For example if there is off season and according to forecast less number of customers visit then the hotels can lower their base prices. 5. The catering and food department can store the food items according to the number of customers estimated. 6. The hotel management can formulate their future marketing strategies and expansion plan on the basis of their forecasts and statistical data 7. These techniques also acts as a benchmark for their services and the management can focus on their improvement areas. 8. By using making the analysis on day to day basis the managers can take successful operating decisions. The most commonly used performance indicators by the front office department are room occupancy percentage, double room occupancy percentage and average room rate. Room division operation can be well managed and controlled by using different performance indicators. C. 4 Calculation of performance indicators to measure

Solo Experience free essay sample

Over 50 miles from the nearest gas station and a five-day paddle from any sort of infrastructure, I stepped out of the canoe, waved good-bye to my fellow leaders in training and entered the unknown. Armed with my pocket knife, a tarp, 20 feet of rope, a fishing rod, a Bible, a journal, my sleeping bag, clothes, water, an apple and two granola bars, I suddenly realized that for the next 48 hours, these would be my only companions. As I stood on the shoreline, staring into the decomposing forest of Northern Quebec, with the sun setting on my back, I was frozen and irritated. Swatting at swarms of no-see-ums and mosquitoes, I wondered, Whose idea was this anyway? What benefit is there to spending two days alone with nothing but trees and bugs? Awakening the next morning to a soaked sleeping bag and pummeling rain only heightened my discontent, yet it was under these conditions that I was able to clearly examine my life in a way I never had before. We will write a custom essay sample on Solo Experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As my solo experience took its course, the saying The quieter you become, the more you can hear took on a whole new meaning. I had been in the wilderness before; most of my summer had been spent outdoors climbing mountains and growing in a group dynamic. But being here alone, removed from every distraction in such a remote place, had a completely different effect. What started as a seemingly pointless and agitating proposition transformed into a beneficial one that I knew I would take full advantage of. So, instead of sitting under the tarp brooding about my misfortune and cursing the rain, I made the most of it. Every difficulty that came my way, I took on with impassioned vigor. When it started to rain and I got wet because I hadnt set up my tarp correctly, it was my fault. There was no one else to blame. The realization that I was responsible for controlling all time and action and overcoming all conflict had an immediate effect. Consequently, as I went about my day reading, fishing and writing, I underwent some serious introspection. As a result I began to see myself as an individual adept at overcomin g challenges of any environment. As I came to see my own power and potential, I also found myself examining the many relationships and people who have graced my life. From family to friends, away from the everyday hustle and bustle of life, appraisal and investigation of how my actions affected both their lives and mine became increasingly natural. As the hours wore on, my stomach started to growl, and discomfort reached an all-time high. Oddly, though, things became clearer. The adversity had in fact spawned a growth process, one that would stick with me and equip me with a new sense of individuality and awareness of my role as a human being. And although I was miserable, hungry and irritated at the time, looking back, I cherish those moments to myself huddled in a soaked sleeping bag in the middle of nowhere.

A Gab of Sky by Anna Hope Essays

A Gab of Sky by Anna Hope Essays A Gab of Sky by Anna Hope Paper A Gab of Sky by Anna Hope Paper To be united with many, and still feel so alone In the vastness of great cities a feeling many can relate to. Every man and woman wakes up, steps out into world, making their way through the endless clutter of human beings, each one with a vast amount of goals, that must be achieved and destinations that must be reached. Part of growing up has, in stereotypical fashion, been said to be to accept this reality; the reality of having to check off the to-do-list every day. It might only be a luxury of youth that one can refrain from this, and let ones Instinctive ambition and desires ale. To be controlled by the Immediate wants and thoughts of ones mind and heart. This is exactly what Elli, the main character of A Gap of Sky, by Anna Hope, does. Engulfed by the city, and its pulsating, never-ending tempo the reader follows the young Elli in her simple goal of purchasing some computer ink. On her quest though, she is taken over by sudden urges and curiosity. She lets herself sway away from her path. Elli is a 19 year old girl, living the carefree and extreme life, in the buzzing city of London. One assumes she Is studying English at some sort of university, due to the fact her mall goal for the day Is to write an essay on Virginia Wolf. As she lies in her bed, the reader meets her waking up from a crazy night on the town, enriched with alcohol and drugs. She regrets nothing and seems to be living the life, where every moment is precious and must be enjoyed to the fullest. Suddenly she realizes it is Monday, and the harsh realities creep up upon her. She must write and hand In this essay the next day, but she has no printer Ink. So she sets herself the goal of buying the printer Ink, and thereafter writing the essay. It Is a bright, sunny, yet cold day, that wraps her body and hurts her lungs, as she scatters through the city in search for a computer store. She is overwhelmed by all the impressions, and seduced by her curiosity she wonders off her path. In an odd exhibition of some sort her head begins to throb. The pain brings about a sense fear, desperation and despair in her. The concept of death begins to dance in her consciousness. She seeks out a river, to relieve her from this agonizing pain. On her way she begins to feel better, and following a stranger she enters a store of some sort. There she picks up a little stone: a stone that brings about a melancholic sensation in her. She begins to reminisce about her mother, who the summer before had given Elli a stone like this one, for good luck. She repeats her mothers name to herself, picturing her in her head, which make her feel lighter, alive and beautiful. A feeling she hopes the world can see. She wants to share it with the world. Walking out onto the street again, she sees how, all around people are Interconnected by the bond of love, that she herself feels. Skirting away again, remembering her need for imputer-ink, she once again makes her way through the city. She has though, not forgotten the river, she searches a terrace from where she can admire it. The night above receives her, and she at the end notes to herself all her goals, and how all is good. The narrator is a third person-omniscient, using the narrative technique; stream of consciousness, a technique the writer and feminist Virginia Wolf used In many AT near works I Is . N stream casts ten reader In many alertness, Owe to Ell being very distracted and unfocused. This technical reference to Virginia Wolf could e considered an inter-textual element. It could be a result of ingesting drugs she changes her focus by the second, for example; Monday. It is Monday. Essay there is an essay due, important, due for Tuesday morning ( ) and so on. Her thoughts are hurriedly rushed through. The narration Jumps from subject to subject, as if one were inside the head of the young Elli. It is chaotic and frantic, much like the city of London, which is the setting of the story. It could be concluded that this is the authors purpose. Her mind is dark, and almost lacks a sense of structure, much like en could say about a big busy city, like London. Elli is constantly on the move, drawing parallels to the pulsating city. Her attitudes towards things seems rebellious, exemplified by her content and giggle when she sees a glove on a fence, flicking the world off. She does not feel accountable to anyone. The exhibition she stumbles upon has the theme Living and Dying, a theme is very precedent throughout the story. She does not feel ready to die; she is alive, and grateful to be so. The city does though have a power over her. It can both bring her down and up again. At one moment the city brings about fear, and sadness in her, making her feel nasty, brutish, and short (A. Hope, pig. 4 1. 8). As her headache passes, light is cast down onto the street, leaving her feeling rancid and worn. She realizes how short and precious life is. An epiphany described as a Gab in the sky. Making her way to the river, representing a crossroad in her life, she is faced with a choice. She can either drown herself in the cities murky river, like Virginia Wolf did, who is referred to earlier in the story. Or she can wash herself clean -clean from drugs.

Theme is innocence and epiphanies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theme is innocence and epiphanies - Essay Example According to a New York Times piece this January, the normal child, ages 8-18, uses over 7 ? hours a day with technology gadgets almost 5 hours of TV and films, equaling 2 ? hours of music, three hours of video games and internet, and only 30 minutes of traditional reading. This technology use, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation, sums up to an overwhelming 75 hours a week (Stone 1). This information is not just sheer figures. However, they are a manifestation of the way the world is heading. There is a direct connection of the amount of time spent with gadgets and poor grades, obesity, violence, impatience, and mainly a loss of family interest. Therefore, it is safe to argue that children today still experience epiphanies from their daily experience within a technologically infused society (Stone 1). â€Å"Thinking, the ability to reason and reflect accurately, draws conclusions derived from our experiences, insights and knowledge. Thinking is what makes us human and has perm itted us to create, communicate, build, progress and become civilized. It encompasses so many phases of who our children are, as well as what they do, from learning, observing, questioning, remembering, and judging to innovating, deciding, arguing and performing† (Taylor 1). Families are being hurt by all of the new innovation. When a cluster of 4-6 year olds were asked to select between watching a television program and spending quality time with their parents along with siblings, 54% of them considered watching TV (Stone 1). In addition, according to a similar survey reported by the A.C. Nielson Company, the normal parent spends three and a half minutes only in a week to have meaningful discussions with their children. Technology is shaping a generation gap, which makes parents feel left out as they cannot relate to what their children are doing (Stone 1). Whether child recognition of their parents’ experiences or students paying attention in class, a child’s i mmediate surrounding establishes the kind of attention, which he/she will develop. In generations past, for instance, children dedicated considerable sums of their time to studying, an activity which offered few interruptions and needed both intense and sustained attention, memory and imagination (Taylor 1). The arrival of the television among other gadgets altered that concentration by providing children visual incentives, disjointed attention, as well as little need for imagination. Then the Internet was established, and children were propelled into an immensely different environment in which, since entertainment is the culture, consistent concentration is impractical, imagination is needless and memory is subdued. â€Å"Technology sets the mind to pay attention to information extremely differently compared to reading. The metaphor, which Nicholas Carr adapts is the difference between jet skiing and scuba diving. Book reading is similar to scuba diving whereby the diver is submer ged in a silence, visually controlled, negligent setting with few interruptions, and, as a result, is forced to focus intently and think intensely on the restricted information, which is available at that time. In comparison, using the Internet is similar to jet skiing, whereby the jet skier is skimming extremely fast along the surface of the water, open to

Mid-term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mid-term Paper - Essay Example This way of conceptualization of the past is has increasingly been used in a number of field sciences such as geology and biology. In archaeology, uniformitarianism is one of the major concepts that have always been widely used to conceptualize the past. For example, many archaeologists believe that the contemporary natural laws and other processes in the universe have always operated in the past as they are today. Uniformitarianism is a theory on the gentle, natural progressions that were experimental on the landscape. It suggested that ice could corrode rocks and sediments as well could accrue and form various new terrestrial land forms in the earth (David, 341). Consequently uniformitarianism is currently widely used as the key principle in a number of fields of sciences such as geology and archaeology. The other ways that have widely been used to conceptualize the past include catostrophism, transmutation and gradualism. Tthe concept of gradualism as used in archaeology is based on the theory that gradual changes occur over time. The theory of uniformitarianism particularly suggested that landscape development occurred over long periods of time as a result of a number of gradual geomorphic and geologic processes. It shows that the present is the key to the past and it was a direct denunciation to the predominant philosophy of the time, catastrophism which held that only violent adversities could adjust the outward of the world. Generally the concepts of uniformitarianism, gradualism, and catostrophism among others have widely been used not only to conceptualize the past but also to help understand the important geological processes that have occurred in the universe and how such processes have influenced events (Baker, 243). Time plays a significant role in all the three concepts and archaeologists have discovered a number of pieces of evidence to support some of these ideas and concepts. How uniformitarianism is used in the conceptualization of the past Ge ologists, Historians and archaeologists often study the remains of the past gologic activity as well as the records of the ancient human civilizations to provide evidence of the specific time and of such activities in history. The concept of uniformitarianism has been widely used by scientists not only to help in the reconstruction of the history of the earth but also to create a timeline of events throughout the history. According to Browman and Douglas (88), black rocks with porous surfaces can be used by geologists as an evidence of the past events. It is however worth noticing that although the idea that there are uniform laws governing the processes of nature, it is often difficult to prove beyond uncertainty what actually took place in the past. In archaeology, the concept of uniformitarianism is rather a process of making an educated guess based on objective and observational evidence found in the material remains. Today, many archaeologists suggest the continuing uniformity of the universal processes can be used as a framework to understand how landforms and some aspects of nature come to be. This is particularly based on the assumption that the processes currently taking place are the same processes that actually took

Change Management Strategies at IKEA

Change Management Strategies at IKEA IKEA is the worlds most successful mass-market retailer, selling Scandinavian-style home furnishings and other house goods in 230 stores in 33 countries and hosting 410 million shoppers per year. An acronym for founder Ingvar Kamprad and his boyhood home of Elmtaryd, Agunnaryd, IKEA began operating in Sweden in 1943 and continues its original ethos based upon cost obsession fused with design culture. No design, no matter how inspired, finds its way into the catalogue if it cannot be made affordable.As a means of expanding the business, the company considered change in its business in the form of selling 2nd hand furniture by reconditioning damaged or old furniture stocked in its warehouse and offering furniture reconditioning services to customers. In developing this kind of business, it expects to make this constitute fifty percent of its business. 2. Term of reference In this part of the section, we will list several aspect of theoretical approaches that we could apply in the company to plan and implement the change. 3. Planning and implementing the change 3.1. The need factor during the change Waste reduction and improvement in recycling wastes are the issues that are driving the need for change. IKEA incurs waste because of damaged furniture during transportation, handling or wear-and-tear when stocked for longer periods in the warehouse. Although the compa . Problem/Issues that Prompted the Need for Change Waste reduction and improvement in recycling practices are the issues that prompted the need for change. Eastern Furniture Company incurs waste because of damaged furniture during transportation, handling or wear-and-tear when stocked for long periods in the warehouse. Although the company takes its cue from the inflow and outflow of furniture from its warehouse for delivery to customers in determining which furniture to make in greater volume and which furniture to stop making or make in lesser volume, the company has to manage a bulk of damaged furniture that it cannot sell. These take up valuable warehouse space and comprise loss for the company. Overall, the issue is one of efficiency, which has two elements. One is the ability to maintain a good ratio between the input allocated or employed and the output generated. Ideally, there should be balance in the ratio to ensure break-even but to ensure positive returns the ratio should be greater in favor of output. (Thompson, Strickland Gamble, 2007, p. 93) Waste represents input not transformed into output. The company wanted to place greater weight on output by optimizing resources use. Another is the enhancement of the skills in avoiding or preventing wastage of resources and time. The company has to minimize waste of both resources and time to improve performance. 3. Identifying and Assessing the Causes of Change Understanding the change and clarifying the justifications for the change is an important management process. There are various diagnostic tools useful in assessing change. These clarify the change and points to compelling reasons that supports the decision to implement the change. One tool is the force field analysis, which refers to the process of listing down the pros and cons of the planned change and evaluating the merit or soundness of the decision as well as the viability of the change (Hurt, 1998, p. 55). The table below shows the forces supporting and discouraging the implementation of the planned change. Forces for Change -boost resource management efficiency -increase sales -control cost -enhance profitability address customer demand -add value for products and services to customers increase market share -ensure sustainable growth Planned Change (establish a 2nd hand furniture trading) Forces against Change -increase operating cost -pull or stretching of available resources -resistance from managers and employees -risks of incurring further losses A number of forces support change. These forces encompass different areas from the improvement of resource management practices by optimizing output from the input used, financial performance in terms of sales and profitability by controlling cost, and marketing outcomes by meeting new demand and adding value to customers. The occurrence of these forces of change could mean sustainable growth for the company. However, there are also important forces discouraging the change. These include increasing operating cost because of the expansion of the business, the pull of resources from the existing business to the new business that means the stretching of available resources. There could also be resistance from managers and employees because of the change in organizational structure. The risk of incurring further losses in case the company is unable to manage effectively the rigors of the change process is also an adverse factor. By balancing these forces, it appears that the forces supporting change weigh greater than the forces discouraging change. Achieving the benefits is viable given the stable financial situation of the company and the opportunities for expansion in the market. The company has sufficient resources to invest in the change and the expected returns are high because of the growing market for refurbished and environmentally friendly furniture products and services. The establishment of a 2nd hand furniture business also adds value to its product and service offering to customers by providing customers with the opportunity to help in conserving the environment by minimizing waste through recycling. However, the company needs to address the forces discouraging change by developing a sound resource management and investment plan, developing preventive and contingency plans for risks, and easing the resistance of managers and employees. By addressing these discouraging factors, the company can e nsure expected results from the change. Another tool is critical pathways, which refers to the use of directions and schedules in planning tasks and monitoring completion to ensure the achievement of the expected results. Using this tool determines the viability of the change and the areas requiring focus. (Thompson, Strickland Gamble, 2007, p. 93) The table below shows the tasks required in the implementation of the change, the commencement period, the period for completion, type of activity, and the relative depends on the tasks necessary for completion. Task Commencement Completion Type Task Interdependence 1. marketing study Month 1 1 month Sequential 2. consultation of managers and employees Month 1 2 month Parallel 3. brainstorming and preliminary planning Month 2 2 months Parallel 2 4. expansion strategy implementation (i.e. mergers and acquisitions, joint venture, takeover, etc.) Month 4 2 months Sequential 1-3 5. restructuring and hiring of new employees Month 4 3 months Parallel 4 6. preliminary marketing activities Month 7 6 months Sequential 1-5 7. preliminary evaluation Month 10 1 month Sequential 1-6 8. final evaluation Month 12 1 month Sequential 1-7 The entire change process happens in a twelve-month period. The identified tasks support the viability of the change. The tasks distinguish the preparatory activities, implementation proper activities, and post-implementation activities that the company needs to complete the change process. The tasks also coincide with the issues requiring consideration such as resistance during the restructuring process relative to the results of the consultation with managers and employees and the development of the appropriate marketing activities coinciding with the results of the marketing study. The determination of the sequencing of tasks and interdependence of the tasks also supports the viability of the change by determining priorities during a particular period to ensure due preparation and evaluation of implementation. Overall, the critical pathways analysis supports the commencement of the change and identifies the tasks for completion to achieve the change. 3. Stakeholder Analysis The change process is organization-wide, which means various parties likely affected by the change involving the development of a 2nd hand furniture service. Stakeholders pertain to the parties linked to the business firm who stand to experience benefits or adverse effects from the change (Friedmand, 2007, p. 172). Identifying the stakeholders and the respective interests is important to develop ways of wining over these various stakeholders who are likely to contribute to the success of the planned change. Determining stakeholders or the parties affected by the change together with the impact of the change to these parties is also important in prioritizing stakeholder interests as well as the resolution of issues faced by the stakeholders. (French Delahaye, 1996, p. 22) There are a number of stakeholders in the planned change falling under either internal or external stakeholders. First is top management of the organization who decide on the change, direct strategy implementation, and carry accountability for the outcomes of the change. Second are middle managers affected by the change and comprise implementers of the tasks constituting change. Third are employees also affected by the change and serve as movers in the change process. These three stakeholders also constitute internal stakeholders as they form part of the organization and directly experience and participate in the change process. Fourth are suppliers of furniture retailed by the company who could be affected by the expansion. Fifth are investors and investment parts providing capital needed in the change process. Sixth are customers for whom the change is directed and from whom the impact of change is assessed. These last three stakeholders comprise external stakeholders by not being part of the organization. These stakeholders influence the change indirectly but could influence the success of the change management activity. There are a number of tools in analyzing these stakeholders. The application of these tools identifies stakeholder interests and clarifies the prioritization of stakeholder interests, in case of conflict. This is necessary to ensure that the intended impact for stakeholders and the expected response from these stakeholders ensure the achievement of objectives for the planned change. One analytical tool is the power model, which classifies stakeholders according to their relative power or influence in swaying the change process. There are four classifications of stakeholders relative to power, which are promoters, defenders, latents or apathetics. These classifications vary according to the interest in achieving the change and the influence on the change process. The model also determines the stakeholders included in the decision-making over the change process depending on the relationship with the company and the influence on the operations of the company. (Cooper, 2004, p. 13) Stakeholder Classification Prioritization of Change Influence on the Change Internal Stakeholders External Stakeholders Promoters High High Top Management Investors or Investment Partners Defenders High Low Middle Manager Latents Low High Employees Customers Apathethics Low Low Suppliers In implementing this analytical tool, the identified stakeholders fall under different classifications. This determines differences in interest and the means of managing these interests. In achieving the planned change via policy support, there should be strong support from the top management and middle managers. It is important achieve strong support from top company officers as well as middle managers to ensure the development and implementation of policies towards the planner change. To ensure successful implementation, it is important to consider and integrate the interests of investors to gain capital that supports the change process, employees who would implement tasks comprising the change process, and customers whose acceptance determine the marketability of the new business. Another analytical tool is the resource dependence theory (Frooman, 1999, p. 191) that classified the relationship between the firm and stakeholders into four types, which are 1) firm power, 2) high interdependence, 3) low interdependence, and 4) stakeholder power. The nature of the relationship determines the issues requiring resolution to manage effectively stakeholders. The core idea of this analytical tool is the recognition of the limited self-sufficiency of business firms so that they have to rely on their environment to address difficulties. Firm-Stakeholder Relationship Stakeholders Firm Power Middle Managers, Employees, Stakeholder Power Customers, Top Management High Interdependence Investors and Investment Parties Low Interdependence Suppliers The implementation of this analytical tool shows the stakeholder priority of the organization in achieving the planned change in the context of resource accumulation. Since the company has strong dependence on investors and investment parties as source of capital and investors also rely on the company to experience returns. This means that the company should develop mutual positive relationship with investors and investment parties. Since the power of stakeholder is high in the case of customers and top management, which means that the company should consider the important roles of top management in directing change policy and customers in justifying the area of change. 4. Change Implementation Strategy Determining the appropriate and effective change implementation strategy is an important part of the management of the planned change. The change implementation strategy determines points to the viability of the change by identifying the nature and direction of the intended change together with the corresponding roles of the parties involved and the activities requiring completion. There are two considerations in developing the change implementation strategy. One is the direction of the change, which is either top-down or starting from the front line. Another is the source of the factors for change, which is either internal or external. A top-down change implementation refers to planned change because change emanates from the implementation of change policy from the top management. This means that change occurs through directives from the top expressed through change in the attitudes and behavior of employees as well as work processes and output. Top-down change implementation strategy is also similar to the hierarchical model of change, which places stress on the manner of utilizing the firm structure, compensation and incentive system, and other control systems to facilitate the achievement of the intended change. As such, senior management serves as architects of the change and manages the organization to achieve the desired change. The hierarchical model usually applies in changes involving the change in structure, staff, compensation systems, incentives, performance measures, and other similar change. Control serves as the means of ensuring the change. Rational connection between the planners and doers also ens ures change implementation, which means that the intended change should be rational in terms of firms and stakeholder benefits to be accepted by the doers, which is made up of the front line employees. However, this also has limitations such as the use of inaccurate information to support decisions over the change process and problems in motivating change at the lower levels of the organizational structure. In addition, this aligns with the economic perspective of organizational change. (DeWit Meyer, 2004, p. 297) Change commencing from the front line refers to the encouragement of creativity and innovation at the bottom level of the organization. The creation of an innovative working environment and implementation of incentives for innovative outputs encourage employees to determine solutions to problems they experience in the delivery of products and services and dealings with customers. The implementation of these solutions comprises the change. This has relation to the cultural model of change implementation, which emphasize on the participation of employees at the lower level in the formulation and implementation of strategy in terms of information feedback to their immediate managers or supervisors. As such, there is a fusion between the roles of thinkers and doers because managers participating in doing while employees also take the role of thinkers. Because of this, the change focuses on the infusion of organizational culture across the firm. Top management provides broad guidance in i nnovation. (Goold Quinn, 1990, p. 176) This works well for decentralized business firms. However, this also limitations including the assumption that the managers and employees are well-informed and able to make informed decisions on areas of change and sound solutions to front line problems. Focus is difficult to maintain in using this model. The change process would also likely involve costs and involves a certain period. Not all organizations can afford the high price for change from the grassroots or culture-based change or have the luxury of time to wait for protracted change. (Parsa, 1999, p. 73) There is also an alternative change implementation perspective, the collaborative model, which requires the participation of senior managers in the process of strategy formulation. This means that top management facilitates brainstorming, consensus building and other collaborative methods in planning the change so that top management also comprises the bridge for change implementation on the part of middle managers and employees. (Goold Quinn, 1990, p.176) As an integrative model, this addresses the problem of information inaccuracy likely to occur in the implementation of top-down change as well as the assumption of complete information at the grassroots in applying the cultural model (Parsa, 1999, p. 73). The distinction between thinkers and doers blurs but this does not completely disappear because of the assumption of the parties of dual roles. Based on the understanding of the planned change, which is expansion by establishing a 2nd hand furniture business and requiring prioritization of the interests of investors and customers, the appropriate change implementation strategy is the collaborative model. The change involves the acquisition of business units, restructuring of the organizational structure, and hiring of new employees. The acquisition of new business units is a strategic issue for resolution at the level of top management with feedback from senior managers to support sound decision-making. The hiring of new employees and restructuring of the organizational structures are management issues for resolution at the senior management level obtaining policy guidance and confirmation from top management while at the same time obtaining feedback from middle managers and employees on emerging problems and effective solutions. Senior managers serve as the fulcrum balancing or bridging change implementation and the change process. Successful change ensures the interests of investors and customers. Change implementation strategy could also be internal and external. Internal change implementation means that the parties involved in the change are members of the organization and the achievement of change depends on internal competencies. External change means that the parties facilitating change do not form part of the organization and infuse external competencies into the change process. However, these are not conflicting, which means change implementation could involve both internal and external factors, with the extent of combination depending on the requirements of change implementation. (Grant, 2002, pp. 132-133) The change implementation strategy for the planned establishment of a 2nd hand furniture business involves the combination of internal and external factors. The internal factors refer to top management directives or guidance, consensus building and feedback from senior managers, and feedback from middle managers and employees over issues and solutions emerging from the front line. The external factors include capital infusion from investors, feedback from external consultants, and acquisition of business units. 5. Addressing Resistance Key to the success of the change implementation strategy is the identification and understanding of the factors blocking the implementation of change. Kotter (1996, p. 3) described blocks as the entirety of the hindrances and issues experienced by business firms in the course of implementing change. This requires resolution to ensure the successful implementation of change. An impending block to change implementation is resistance or disagreement, disapproval or opposition to some aspects or all of the planned change. If unaddressed, resistance could lead to delays, accumulation of additional costs or even the failure of change implementation. Resistance finds explanation through the transition curve (Fisher, 2001, n.p.) [See Figure 1 below] that explains the response of parties to the change as a process. Upon learning of the planned change, the affected parties experience anxiety because of concerns over whether they can cope with the change. This could lead to happiness because of the realization that change, which could be anticipated, could happen or denial because of the inability to accept the change. However, this could immediately turn into fear because of concerns over the expectations of their role and the impact on them that could develop into depression when in the stage of uncertainty. This could then lead to two directions. One is towards gradual acceptance and moving forward as the affected parties develop confidence in the change and their roles in the implementation of change. Another is towards hostility and absolute resistance because of the inability to find their place and role in the expected change. Recognizing the adjustment to change as a process implies that business firms should address the fears and threats faced by the parties affected by the change to ensure that the attitudes and behaviors of stakeholders lead to acceptance and moving on. Based on the transition curve, resistance to the planned establishment of a 2nd hand furniture business would likely come managers and employees. The change involved the acquisition of new business units to comprise 50 percent of the business. The different nature of the business means change in existing practices and norms. The change also involves the restructuring of the organization, which means the removal of some positions and creation of new one and the removal or reassignment of people. These situations build fear among managers and employees. The change also involves the hiring of new personnel, which could be perceived as threats by existing employees. Specifically, there could be several sources of resistance to the planned change. One is the concern of employees over the changes in their employment status after the implementation of the change. The initial response to threats on employment status is resistance by fighting against the change to prevent the cancellation of positions and removal of personnel. Another is the concern over possible changes in their tasks if they remain employed with the company after the establishment of the new business. Employees experience security by developing knowledge and skills necessary to accomplish their work effectively. The change requires the accumulation of new knowledge and skills that challenge the security of employees. Still another is the different perspectives of managers and employees towards the purpose and impact of the planned change. The different in opinion could divide support for the change. Last is the adverse perception towards the change because of lack of consultation. The implementation of change without sufficient consultation, based on the perspective of managers and employees, could develop negative regard towards the change. Addressing the problems of resistance that develop in a process could also be through a process that requires strong leadership. Addressing resistance is a three-stage process [See Figure 2 below] that commences with the unfreezing of the present status of the organization, followed by the guided movement towards the new position, and concluding with the freezing of organizational life at the new position. This means top management, with feedback from senior managers, should determine the existing position of the company, articulate the new position, and implement policies or activities that move the organization from the current to the new position. This finds further explanation by the parallel three-step process. The first step is defrosting of the status quo, followed by the taking of actions that usher change, and concluding with the anchoring of the achieved changes using corporate culture. This also highlights the importance of leadership and adds the incorporation of the chan ge in the corporate culture as the means of ensuring that the organization remains at the new position. (Lewin, 1997, pp. 330-334) These three-step processes address resistance in a number of ways. Completing the first step means that the company has identified a rational justification for the change by understanding problems in the present status of the company and developing a vision of the outcome of the required change to address these problems and gain benefits. Implementing the second step requires the identification of activities and processes that encourage the intended behavior or action from all stakeholders. These behaviors and actions comprise movement towards the new position. The application of the third process through activities that secure the comfort and satisfaction of the organization towards change should ensure the stability of the organization in its new position. (Lewin, 1997, pp. 330-334) Specific actions or activities that could help the organization address resistance. First is the establishment of a sense of urgency over the need for change. It is common for people to require a reason for agreeing and participating in change. Leaders or top management has to provide an acceptable justification to expect change from managers and employees. Second is the development of the vision for change and communicating this to the parties affected. People also expect to make changes when they know where they are going. This means that leaders need to clarify where the change would lead the organization to expect managers and employees to understand the importance of their role in the change process and the impact of the change on them. Third is the establishment of a guiding coalition made-up of a team nurturing and supporting the change. The team has to exert influence because of their qualifications and other forms of influence towards managers and employees. Fourth is the em powerment of employees to participate in the change process with confidence. This means that leaders should provide room for the development of ideas on the part of managers and employees. This environment develops flexibility, which supports change. Fifth is the establishment of short-term goals that is realizable in a short period because people are not likely to cooperate in change without seeing positive results, no matter how minute, in the short-term. Sixth is the encouragement of additional changes to secure long-term or sustainable change to take advantage of the momentum of change by encouraging open communication and innovation. Seventh is the reinforcement of change through positive developments in the organization that justifies the better position of the company after the change. (Kotter, 1996, pp. 33-145) 6. Project Evaluation The evaluation of the project constitutes another important aspect of change management. Evaluating the project ensures the resolution of problems as well as the prevention of issues. One project evaluation model is the lifecycle of change management. The implementation of this mode commences with modifications at the model level and then the translation of these changes at the implementation level. This minimizes rework at the implementation level while at the same time developing a model for use in the assessment of the outcomes of change implementation. (Singh Shoura, 2006, p. 25) Simulation is a means of considering possible modification at the model level. In application to the establishment of a 2nd hand furniture business, simulation could apply to the assessment of different modes of mergers and acquisitions to determine the best means of achieving the desired change. The selected option is subject to implementation and expected outcomes, based on the model as the point of r eference. Another situation implementing the lifecycle model is the consideration of the role of leadership in the change implementation process. Ideally, leadership should develop the vision for change and guide movement towards the change through activities that comprise the change such as the assumption of new tasks by managers and employees. This ideal serves as the means of evaluating the role of leadership in actual practice. Managers should also facilitate consultations and feedback sharing within and across the different levels of the organization. This ideal comprises the point of reference in assessing the role of managers in the change process. Overall, the intention of the lifecycle model of change is that the organization should remain operational after the implementation of change but placed at a better position compared to the previous state before the change. The comparison of the difference between the old and present status in terms of strategic objectives tells so mething about the merit of the change and the effectiveness of the change implementation strategy. (Singh Shoura, 2006, p. 25) 7. Conclusion Change management is important in achieving strategic objectives. There are a number of elements for consideration in implementing change management. One is the clarification of the change by determining the problem or issue underlying the planned change. This is important to rationalize and justify the change. Another is the assessment of the change by weighing the forces that persuade and dissuade the change. The persuading factors should outweigh the dissuading factors to support the change. Still another is the identification of the stakeholders or the parties affected by the change together with the interests for purposes of the prioritization of interests in case of conflict. The development of the change implementation plan is also important because this determines the activities comprising change and the role of the parties in achieving the change. Understanding the blocks to change, particularly resistance is also important to ensure a smooth change process. Lastly, designin g a project evaluation is also an important element because this determines the extent of achievement of the change and areas for improvement in the course of implementation.